Realization of Coronavirus Testing Kit Using a Combination of a Triangular Photonic Crystal (PhC) Structure and a 412 nm Laser Beam

The design of a Covid-19 testing kit is proposed in this research using a photonic crystal structure (PhC) and a violet laser beam. The basic principle of this structure relies on the phenomenon of absorbance reflectance and transmission at the signal of a 412 nm laser beam. Finally, the transmitted light energy through the PhC structure is the conclusive factor to detect the types of virus which is the function of the reflectance and absorbance. The reflected light energy is computed by plane wave expansion (PWE) whereas the absorbance of light energy is obtained through numerical computation. The notable advantages of this technique are that the virus related to Covid-19 can be recognized by observing the colour of transmitted energy through a photo energy meter. Finally, the outcomes of the research affirm that the sample could be Covid-19 if the output energy would be infrared (IR). Similarly, the sample could be a normal coronavirus, if the output energy would lie within the visible regime.

Impact of ICT in Education: An Analysis

One day in the month of November, 2019, the world received a major setback when it understood that a new pandemic called COVID-19, or the Novel Coronavirus had taken over to create havoc among the people. It was first started in a wet market of a small province in China. After that it has spread all over the world like a bonfire. Many countries got under its grip, namely USA, South Korea, and Italy where the situation was totally out of control. During the last two years, India suffered huge loss due to COVID-19 in terms of life, property, and other assets. India is the second largest most populous country with 130 crores was highly affected due to COVID-19. Out of all the aspects, education was the worst affected sector. There was no option left but to implement e-learning as a methodology of teaching and learning. It has emerged as one of the major sources of business, like e-commerce, learning methodology, and e-learning. E-learning is a methodology of teaching and learning where the teacher teaches using multimedia, and the learner learns using the digital mode of education. This mode of teaching and learning has indeed brought a revolution in the education process because neither the teacher nor the student needs to be together in one place. There are numerous subjects which can be taught online, ranging from technical to non-technical subjects. Literature is an imitation of fiction or non-fiction. Online could be the best mode of instruction for literature students. Therefore, this paper is an attempt to make an analysis of the implications of e-learning in education, and its implementation to teach literature by the teachers. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

Identification of Novel Coronavirus (n-CoV) Using a Two-Dimensional (2-D) Photonic Crystal (PhC) Structure and Finite Element Method (FEM) Via a Violet Laser Beam

Covid 19, a deadly virus is spreading exponentially across the globe that leads to loss of precious life. Recent data suggests that more than 4.6 million people have been died due to this, so it is requiring an ample precaution to stop it. Development of good vaccine along with rapid testing could reduce the mortality rate. Though recently few good vaccines have developed but adequate numbers of doses are not available for every individual due to lack of mass production. Not only are the production issues but also their prob-lems lie in transportation and distribution to huge population. In this sce-nario testing will play a vital role so that affected people could get a dose in priority basis. To meet the nitty-gritty of such problem. A violet laser beam interacted with a photonic crystal (PhC) structure having dimension of 600 x 600 nm2 to identify the novel coronavirus (n-CoV) know as SARS CoV-2. The device finds 16 squares which hold the samples of the swab collected from a patient where the signal of 412 nm (728 THz) incident to it. The principle of mechanism deals with the analysis of scattering parameters (S11 and S12) of the signals which is obtained through the finite element method (FEM). The S11 and S12 parameters deal with the transmittance and reflec-tance of the signal pertaining to the chosen structure. Further, the investiga-tion of transmittance identifies the nature of the virus;for example, the present research claims that blue and violet colours are two possible implica-tions at the output when the structure containing sample excited with a violet laser beam. The output with blue colour indicating the presence of just ordi-nary coronaviruses. On the other hand, if we receive violet colour then it is novel corona viruses (n-CoV)

An Optimized Deep Learning Approach for the Prediction of Social Distance Among Individuals in Public Places During Pandemic.

Social distancing is considered as the most effective prevention techniques for combatting pandemic like Covid-19. It is observed in several places where these norms and conditions have been violated by most of the public though the same has been notified by the local government. Hence, till date, there has been no proper structure for monitoring the loyalty of the social-distancing norms by individuals. This research has proposed an optimized deep learning-based model for predicting social distancing at public places. The proposed research has implemented a customized model using detectron2 and intersection over union (IOU) on the input video objects and predicted the proper social-distancing norms continued by individuals. The extensive trials were conducted with popular state-of-the-art object detection model: regions with convolutional neural networks (RCNN) with detectron2 and fast RCNN, RCNN with TWILIO communication platform, YOLOv3 with TL, fast RCNN with YOLO v4, and fast RCNN with YOLO v2. Among all, the proposed (RCNN with detectron2 and fast RCNN) delivers the efficient performance with precision, mean average precision (mAP), total loss (TL) and training time (TT). The outcomes of the proposed model focused on faster R-CNN for social-distancing norms and detectron2 for identifying the human 'person class' towards estimating and evaluating the violation-threat criteria where the threshold (i.e., 0.75) is calculated. The model attained precision at 98% approximately (97.9%) with 87% recall score where intersection over union (IOU) was at 0.5.

Impact of ICT in Education: An Analysis

One day in the month of November, 2019, the world received a major setback when it understood that a new pandemic called COVID-19, or the Novel Coronavirus had taken over to create havoc among the people. It was first started in a wet market of a small province in China. After that it has spread all over the world like a bonfire. Many countries got under its grip, namely USA, South Korea, and Italy where the situation was totally out of control. During the last two years, India suffered huge loss due to COVID-19 in terms of life, property, and other assets. India is the second largest most populous country with 130 crores was highly affected due to COVID-19. Out of all the aspects, education was the worst affected sector. There was no option left but to implement e-learning as a methodology of teaching and learning. It has emerged as one of the major sources of business, like e-commerce, learning methodology, and e-learning. E-learning is a methodology of teaching and learning where the teacher teaches using multimedia, and the learner learns using the digital mode of education. This mode of teaching and learning has indeed brought a revolution in the education process because neither the teacher nor the student needs to be together in one place. There are numerous subjects which can be taught online, ranging from technical to non-technical subjects. Literature is an imitation of fiction or non-fiction. Online could be the best mode of instruction for literature students. Therefore, this paper is an attempt to make an analysis of the implications of e-learning in education, and its implementation to teach literature by the teachers. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

Identification of Coronavirus (n-CoV) Using a Two-dimensional (2-D) Photonic Crystal Structure (PCS) via the Plane Wave Expansion (PWE) Technique Using a Laser Diode (LD)

COVID 19, a furious virus, exploded across the globe in 2020. Treatment, tracing and testing are the only way to retain a normal life. But the biggest obstacle is the shortage of proper testing kits which makes life horrendous. As a consequence it demands time to ramp up the development of a suitable test kit. In this scenario we propose a kit that is made up of a two-dimensional (2-D) Si-based photonic crystal structure (PCS) that could distinguish the novel coronaviruses (n-CoV) from ordinary coronaviruses. The principle of identification relies on the reflectance, absorbance and transmittance characteristics at the signal of 412 nm wavelength obtained from a laser diode (LD);moreover, the operational mechanism deals with the manipulation of the signal with the proposed PCS structure which contains the virus solution. Finally, the output transmitted energy differentiates the viruses pertaining to their nature;for example, an output with visible light energy gives an indication of normal flu;on the other hand, output energy within the infrared (IR) range confirms the case of novel coronavirus infection.

Computation of refractive indices of corona viruses through reverse calculation

The present paper computes the refractive indices of different corona viruses (H5N1, H5N2, H9N2, H4N6, FAdV and IBV) through reflectance analysis of a virus solution. The computational analysis indicates that the refractive indices of all viruses are negative at the signal of 412 nm. Further the numerical output shows that the infectious bronchitis viruses (family of novel corona viruses, COVID-19) have higher negative refractive indices as compared to other corona viruses. Finally refractive indices of the family of COVID-19 are investigated with respect to the EID (Electronic infusion Device) concentration of the viruses, showing that the refractive index which ranges from “-0.96725 to-0.999998” corresponds to ‘0.01 to 10000’ EID virus concentration. © 2020 Current Optics and Photonics.

A proposal for testing kit of corona viruses using 3D photonic structure.

Design of corona virus testing kit is proposed in this paper using silicon based 3D photonic structure through zirconium quantum dot solution at the signal of 412 nm. The principle of measurement depends on the computation of reflectance, absorbance and transmittance of virus based quantum dot solution. In this paper, the reflectance is studied through the analysis of photonic band gap and absorbance is made through its numerical treatment. Further, the numerical investigation shows that the transmitted energy through photonic structure would determine the type of corona virus. For example; if the transmitted energy lies within the visible spectrum the sample would be normal corona virus. However, the sample could be IBV (SARS COV-2) if the transmitted energy would be Infrared.